img

Viola maviensis

H.Mann (1867)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-Rosids Order: Malpighiales Family: Violaceae Genus: Viola

img

Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Dwarf subshrubs.

Stems: Stems nearly erect to ascending, 3–8 dm long, short internodes of leafy portions alternating with elongate internodes of rhizomatous portion, unbranched or branched from near base, also sometimes producing slender, short, stolon-like innovations, glabrous.

Roots: Rhizomatous.

Leaves: Leaves simple. Alternate, clustered on short, exposed stem portions, soft–coriaceous. Blades broadly ovate to ovate–suborbicular or rarely subcordate, 1.5–9 cm long, 1–2(–2.8) cm wide. Apex obtuse to bluntly acuminate. Base broadly cuneate or rarely subtruncate. Surfaces glabrous. Margins callose–serrate, the teeth slightly incurved. Petioles as long as or longer than blades, 0.8–6.5 cm long. Stipules thin, deltate–ovate to ovate, 5–12 mm long, margins fimbriate, the lateral teeth (1–)1.5–4 mm long, apical teeth usually longer.

Flowers: Flowers axillary, (1)2(–5) per peduncle, on peduncle-like scapes consisting of 1 to several leafless internodes, peduncles (25–)30–150(–250) mm long or perhaps even longer, pedicels subequal in a single inflorescence, (10–)15–55 mm long; bracteoles above middle. Flowers fragrant, apparently all chasmogamous, bisexual (perfect). Calyx of 5 sepals, subequal, narrowly deltate–lanceolate, imbricate, upper one 6–7 mm long, lateral ones ca. 5.3–8 mm long, lower ones ca. 5.5–7 mm long, glabrous, prolonged into appendages below the point of insertion, persistent. Corolla zygomorphic, consisting of 5 distinct petals, these unequal, lateral ones smaller than upper pair, petals dark violet with paler tinges to pale blue or rarely nearly white, upper ones 12–14 mm long, lateral ones ca. 13–15 mm long, lower one ca. 15–16 mm long. Stamens 5, 3.5–4 mm long, connective of lower ones prolonged into a rhombic structure 1.3–1.5 mm long, staminal filaments coherent around ovary; anther connective of lower Stamens prolonged into an appendage, dithecal, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 3-carpellate, 1-celled; ovules numerous per placenta, placentation parietal, anatropous; style 1.

Fruit: Capsules with loculicidal dehiscence; 9–12 mm long; elastically dehiscent by rigid keels and thin valve walls. Seeds numerous; obovoid; ca. 1.8–2 mm long; ca. 1–1.2 mm in diameter; seed coat somewhat leathery; dull; apex rounded; with fleshy; oily endosperm.

Ploidy: 2n = 82; 85; 86

Habitat: Open bogs or rarely bog margins.

Elevation Range: 1,220–2,010 m.

Historical Distribution

Images

img

Uses and Culture

USES

Natural History

Statewide Status

Endemic

Island Status

Molokai Endemic
Lana'i Only found in cultivation
Maui Endemic
Hawai'i Endemic

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Bibliography

Name Published In: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 7: 150 (1867)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:1336 (Mo, M, H)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Viola maviensis East Maui, Hana District, Hana Forest Reserve On trunk of Metrosideros with mosses & liverworts. Preserved_Specimen Harrison, B. 391 Maui BISH 1973-08-06
2 Viola maviensis Pepeopae Bog Along edge of bog In tussocks of liverworts under Coprosma, Metrosideros, & Broussaisia Preserved_Specimen Gagné, B.H. Molokai BISH 1981-01-07
3 Viola maviensis Upper forest Open bog Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 578 Molokai BISH 1916-06-05
4 Viola maviensis South Kohala Dist; N of Honokane Nui Stream Metrosideros polymorpha var. incana-Machaerina angustifolia montane bogs w/Rhynchospora chinensis, Styphelia, Vaccinium, Viola maviensis, Dichanthium spp. Oreobolus...bogs bordered by Metrosideros-Cheirodendron montane wet forest. Scattered throughout all the bogs & even abundant in forest understory. Preserved_Specimen Wood, K.R. 4732 Hawaii BISH 1995-11-15
5 Viola maviensis W Maui, Puu Kukui Open bogs Preserved_Specimen Hitchcock, A.S. 14826 Maui BISH 1916-09-14
6 Viola maviensis East Maui, Hana District, Haleakala National Park, Kuhiwa drainage basin. Vegetation: Metrosideros, Cheirodendron, Sadleria, Dryopteris, Vaccinium, Leptecophylla, Holcus, Deschampsia, Rubus. Preserved_Specimen Oppenheimer, H.L. 112119 Maui BISH 2021-11-03
7 Viola maviensis East Maui, Hana District, NE slope of Haleakala, Hana Forest Reserve, Tr 11(12) Wet open bog with scattered native shrubs Preserved_Specimen Warshauer, F.R. 2905 Maui BISH 1980-07-27
8 Viola maviensis East Maui, Hana District, Hanawi Natural Area Reserve, Hanawi drainage basin, west fork Scattered, a few patches less than 1M squared, on mossy stream bank along both sides of intermittent headwaters, in riparian zone below Subalpine Shrubland/Montane Mesic Forest ecotone Preserved_Specimen Oppenheimer, H.L. 101110 Maui BISH 2011-10-13
9 Viola maviensis W Maui, Puu Kukui Leaves at surface of moss in bog Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 10256 Maui BISH 1930-02-07
10 Viola maviensis East Maui, Hana Forest Reserve On trunk of Metrosideros with mosses & liverworts Preserved_Specimen Harrison, B. 244 Maui BISH 1973-06-29
11 Viola maviensis Kalawao District, Kawela AHU Pepeopae Bog Wet open bog, with scattered native shrubs, in full sun Preserved_Specimen Jacobi, J.D. 1414 Molokai BISH 1979-06-22
12 Viola maviensis West Maui, Wailuku District, West Maui NAR, Kahakuloa Section. Uncommon, a few plants observed in Cyperaceae bogs within more common Metrosideros bogs. Vegetation: Metrosideros, Carex, Scaevola, Vaccinium, Oreobolus, Rhynchospora. Preserved_Specimen Oppenheimer, H.L. 91112 Maui BISH 2011-09-14
13 Viola maviensis W Maui, Puu Kukui Open bog Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 10250 Maui BISH 1930-02-07
14 Viola maviensis East Maui, Hana District, Hanawi Natural Area Reserve, Hanawi drainage basin, west fork. On mossy stream bank along both sides of intermittent headwaters, in riparian zone below Subalpine Shrubland/Montane Mesic Forest ecotone. Vegetation: Metrosideros, Leptecophella, Vaccinium, Geranium, Sophora, Sadleria, Dryopteris, Coprosma, Lycopodium, Fragaria, Rubus, Elaphoglossum, Uncinia. Preserved_Specimen Oppenheimer, H.L. 101110 Maui BISH 2011-10-13
15 Viola maviensis Central Molokai Open bog Preserved_Specimen Hitchcock, A.S. 15179 Molokai BISH 1916-10-13
16 Viola maviensis Along trail in forest at least 100' before Pepeopae Bog Seen only in and near bog. Grows with Viola robusta, V. x luciae, Oreobolus, Schizaea, Polypodium pellucidum, Elaphoglossum spp., Adenophorus, Carex alligata, in closed Metrosideros forest. Preserved_Specimen Davis, J. 820 Molokai BISH 1982-05-27
17 Viola maviensis Pepeopae Bog In thick wet moss of bog Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 3353 Molokai BISH 1928-05-03
18 Viola maviensis East Maui, Hana District, Hana Forest Reserve, Kawaipapa drainage basin In small bog and low-statured swampy areas nearby. Vegetation: Metrosideros, Machaerina, Rhynchospora, Carex, Dubautia, Dicanthelium, Calamgrostis, Dicranopteris, Lobelia, Plantago, Schizaea, Leptecophylla, Scaevola, Lycopodium Preserved_Specimen Oppenheimer, H.L. 81326 Maui BISH 2013-08-20
19 Viola maviensis Kamakou Preserve, Pepeopae Bog Along boardwalk in ecotone between swamp forest and bog. Growing from moss under canopy of Metrosideros polymorpha. Preserved_Specimen Havran, J.C. 2001 Molokai BISH 2007-07-01
20 Viola maviensis East Maui, Hana District, Hana Forest Reserve in dense shade in moss. Vegetation: Metrosideros, Cheirodendron, Melicope, Myrsine, Broussaisia, Rubus, Coprosma, Cibotium, Dryopteris, Athyrium, Elaphoglossum, Lepisorus, Astelia, Carex, Peperomia. Preserved_Specimen Oppenheimer, H.L. 71912 Maui BISH 2019-07-23
21 Viola maviensis South Kohala Dist; N of Honokane Nui Stream Mostly in bogs but common in forest understory. Metrosideros-Cheirodendron montane wet forest & scattered Metrosideros-Machaerina montane wet bogs. Assoc. species: Viola maviensis, Lycopodium venustulum, Palhinhaea cernua, Myrsine sandwicensis & M. lessertiana, Vaccinium dentatum, Calamagrostis expansa. Preserved_Specimen Wood, K.R. 4741 Hawaii BISH 1995-11-15
22 Viola maviensis East Maui, Hana District NE slope of Haleakala, 0.5 mi past Lake Waianapanapa, Tr 10 (17) In small bog. Wet ohia forest with other native trees & a treefern & native shrub understory Preserved_Specimen Higashino, P.K. 9292 Maui BISH 1980-06-28
23 Viola maviensis East Maui, Hana District NE slope of Haleakala, puu along E Kalapawili Ridge, Tr 11(10) Wet open bog with scattered native shrubs Preserved_Specimen Higashino, P.K. 9308 Maui BISH 1980-06-29
24 Viola maviensis Kalaupapa; Puu Alii, SW section small bog, open 1-2 m stunted Metrosideros Preserved_Specimen Wood, K.R. 11252 Molokai BISH 2005-04-26
25 Viola maviensis Wai Anapanapa, Haleakala Kipahulu-Kuhiwa divide In open bog on divide Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 21035 Maui BISH 1945-08-16
26 Viola maviensis Kawela, Waikolu Valley Ridge betw Hanalilolilo & Pepeopae Open bog, betw low bushes Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 12552 Molokai BISH 1932-12-25
27 Viola maviensis Kohala Mts, Puu o Umi N.A.R., transect 20 750 m in forest near Stenogyne cranwelliae & Viola, Sphagnum & Metrosideros-Cheirodendron montane wet shrubland w/Vaccinium, Myrsine, Trematolobelia grandifolia, Styphelia, Sadleria, Ilex, Melicope clusiifolia, Lycopodium, Peperomia, Coprosma, Dubautia, Cibotium. Preserved_Specimen Perlman, S. 15085 Hawaii BISH 1995-10-12
28 Viola maviensis W Maui, Puu Kukui Open bogs Preserved_Specimen Ewart III, G.R. 139 Maui BISH 1928-12-18
29 Viola maviensis Hana District. Hana forest reserve, headwaters of Kawaipapa Machaerina-Rhynchospora-Racomitrium montane bog W/ Dicranopteris linearis, Lycopodiella cernua, Cheirodendron trigynum, Trematolobelia macrostachys, Vaccinium dentatum, Peperomia kipahuluensis, Metrosideros polymorphy, Viola maviensis, l Preserved_Specimen Wood, K.R. 15605 Maui BISH 2013-08-19
30 Viola maviensis East Maui, Makawao, Olinda Rare Plant Facility. Cultivated from cuttings collected in Hana District in Hanawi Natural Area Reserve at 7100 feet (Oppenheimer #H101110). Preserved_Specimen Oppenheimer, H.L. 15204 Maui BISH 2012-05-22
31 Viola maviensis Kaela [sp?], Waiapai [sp?] Swamp 1\2 mi SSW of Puu Alii Open bog with Oreobolus & Panicum imbricatum Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 19926 Molokai BISH 1938-12-31
32 Viola maviensis East Maui, Hana District, Hanawi Natural Area Reserve, Hanawi drainage basin, west fork On mossy rocks, on top of small cliffs on east side of along intermittent headwaters, in dense shade of tall, closed canopy Metrosideros Montane Mesic forest. Vegetation: Metrosideros, Cheirodendron, Vaccinium, Rubus, Myrsine, Sadleria, Dryopteris, Uncinia, Elaphoglossum, Carex, Asplenium Preserved_Specimen Oppenheimer, H.L. 101112 Maui BISH 2011-10-13
33 Viola maviensis W Maui, Puu Kukui Open bogs Preserved_Specimen Bryan Jr., E.H. 633 Maui BISH 1928-12-18
34 Viola maviensis W Maui Panaewa Section of N.A.R. Survey, along transect 8 In Metrosideros montane wet bog with Lagenifera, Oreobolus, Styphelia, Lobelia gloria-montis, Rhynchospora, Deschampsia, Dubautia, Argyroxiphium grayanum, Geranium, Sanicula, Viola Preserved_Specimen Perlman, S. 10583 Maui BISH 1988-04-08
35 Viola maviensis W Maui, Puu Kukui Open bog Preserved_Specimen Wilbur, R.L. 833 Maui BISH 1948-06-26
36 Viola maviensis East Maui, Hana District, Hanawi Natural Area Reserve, Hanawi drainage basin, west fork. On mossy rocks, on top of small cliffs on east side of along intermittent headwaters, in dense shade of tall, closed canopy Metrosideros Montane Mesic forest. Vegetation: Metrosideros, Cheirodendron, Vaccinium, Rubus, Myrsine, Sadleria, Dryopteris, Uncinia, Elaphoglossum, Carex, Asplenium. Preserved_Specimen Oppenheimer, H.L. 101112 Maui BISH 2011-10-13
37 Viola maviensis On slopes of Waihoi Crater Above the valley Among scrub ohia, Lycopodium, uluhe, & Labordia Preserved_Specimen Harrison, B. 570 Maui BISH 1974-03-17
38 Viola maviensis On slopes of Waihoi Crater Above the valley Among scrub ohia, Lycopodium, uluhe, & Labordia Preserved_Specimen Harrison, B. 570 Maui BISH 1974-03-17
39 Viola maviensis S Kohala District, Puu Kapu AHU Tr 79(30/31), Kohala Mts, 0.5 km NW of Puu Opaeloa, 0.7 km NW of Kawainui Str Wet ohia forest with other native trees & a treefern & native shrub understory, in shade Preserved_Specimen Jacobi, J.D. 1362 Hawaii BISH 1979-08-01
40 Viola maviensis W Maui, Lahaina District, Honokowai AHU, Tr 36(14) along Puu Kukui Trail Wet open bog with scattered native shrubs. Preserved_Specimen Warshauer, F.R. 3050 Maui BISH 1980-08-15
41 Viola maviensis Kohala Mts Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8385 Hawaii BISH 1910-06-21
42 Viola maviensis East Molokai Pepeopae Bog to edge of Pelekunu Valley Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 2961 Molokai BISH 1973-04-04
43 Viola maviensis W Maui, Puu Kukui Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8148 Maui BISH 1910-08-21
44 Viola maviensis N slope of Haleakala Edge of Kipahulu Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1165 Maui BISH 1919-08-17
45 Viola maviensis Kipuka in 1880-1 flow below Kipuka ahiu Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 929 Hawaii BISH 1915-06-24
46 Viola maviensis Haleakala illegible Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1026 Maui BISH 1919-08-03
47 Viola maviensis Between Hanalilolilo & Pepeopae Preserved_Specimen Krajina, V.J. 620611014 Molokai BISH 1962-06-11
48 Viola maviensis Between Hanalilolilo & Pepeopae Preserved_Specimen Krajina, V.J. 620611014 Molokai BISH 1962-06-11
49 Viola maviensis Pepeopae Bog Preserved_Specimen Cranwell, L.M. 3409 Molokai BISH 1938-09-09
50 Viola maviensis Honokahau Drainage Basin Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 380 Maui BISH 1917-09-25
51 Viola maviensis Kawela Swamp Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 197 Molokai BISH 1912-07-01
52 Viola maviensis Puu Alii NAR, small bog in southwestern section of reserve Preserved_Specimen Wood, K.R. 11252 Molokai BISH 2005-04-26
53 Viola maviensis Several miles above Kipuka Ahiu, left hand side of 1880-81 Flow Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 925 Hawaii BISH 1915-06-23
54 Viola maviensis W Maui, Puu Kukui Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 56 Maui BISH 1910-05-01
55 Viola maviensis Kohala Mts Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8385 Hawaii BISH 1910-06-02
56 Viola maviensis Pelekunu Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 388 Molokai BISH 1916-06-05
57 Viola maviensis N slope of Haleakala, bog below Waiauapauopa Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1196 Maui BISH 1919-08-20
58 Viola maviensis Kawela Swamp Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 6106 Molokai BISH 1910-03-01
59 Viola maviensis Kohala Mts Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8385 Hawaii BISH 1910-06-02
60 Viola maviensis Pepeopae Bog Preserved_Specimen Davis, J. 63 Molokai BISH 1978-10-08
61 Viola maviensis East Maui, Haleakala, Bogs of Ukulele Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 822 Maui BISH 1919-07-17
62 Viola maviensis Kohala Mts Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8385 Hawaii BISH 1910-06-21
63 Viola maviensis Hookio ? Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 388 Molokai BISH 1916-06-05
64 Viola maviensis West Maui, top of Mt. Preserved_Specimen Mann, H. 432 Maui BISH 1864-01-01
65 Viola maviensis Bog on heights of Kamalo Preserved_Specimen Whitney, L.D. 4462 Molokai BISH 1936-10-06
66 Viola maviensis E of Ukulele Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 862 Maui BISH 1919-07-20
67 Viola maviensis Kohala Mts Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8385 Hawaii BISH 1910-06-21
68 Viola maviensis Kohala Mts Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8385 Hawaii BISH 1910-06-21
69 Viola maviensis West Maui, top of Mt. Preserved_Specimen Mann, H. 432 Maui BISH 1864-01-01
70 Viola maviensis W Maui, Puu Kukui Preserved_Specimen Lydgate, J.M. Maui BISH
71 Viola maviensis Kohala Mts Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8385 Hawaii BISH 1910-06-21
72 Viola maviensis Lanaihale Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 542 Lanai BISH 1930-01-01
73 Viola maviensis W Maui Mtns, Violet Lake Preserved_Specimen Fleming, W. Maui BISH 1959-05-03
74 Viola maviensis East Maui Preserved_Specimen Harrison, B. Maui BISH 1973-06-10
75 Viola maviensis East Molokai Hanalilolilo bog Preserved_Specimen Pratt, T.K. 81 Molokai BISH 1972-01-09
76 Viola maviensis Pepeopae Bog Preserved_Specimen Cranwell, L.M. 2505 Molokai BISH 1938-07-06
77 Viola maviensis Kohala Mts Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8385 Hawaii BISH 1910-06-21
Back to Top